Ethereum

dYdX and Hyperliquid are both order book-based DEXs focused on on-chain perpetual futures trading, so they are often compared with each other. Although both emphasize a high-performance trading experience and low-latency matching, they differ significantly in their underlying chain structure, degree of decentralization, liquidity sources, and governance models. dYdX uses an appchain architecture built on the Cosmos SDK and secures its network through PoS validator nodes, while the DYDX token is used for both governance and staking. Hyperliquid, by contrast, uses a self-developed high-performance chain structure and places greater emphasis on ultra-low-latency trading and a unified liquidity experience.

Pendle (PENDLE) is a DeFi protocol focused on yield tokenization. By splitting yield-generating assets into Principal Tokens (PT) and Yield Tokens (YT), it enables users to trade principal and future yield separately. Through this mechanism, Pendle introduces fixed income opportunities, yield speculation, and interest rate risk management tools to DeFi. Its purpose-built time-decay AMM further establishes an on-chain interest rate market, positioning Pendle as key infrastructure in the DeFi fixed income space.

Gas Abstraction is an infrastructure mechanism designed to reduce the complexity of blockchain interactions. Its core goal is to allow users to complete transactions without directly managing on-chain gas payments. Through designs such as Open Gas, Account Abstraction, and realtime blockspace coordination, ETHGas attempts to create a more seamless Ethereum interaction experience. Compared with the traditional Ethereum Gas model, Gas Abstraction places greater emphasis on application-layer sponsorship, unified fee management, and realtime transaction execution. It is also regarded as one of the key infrastructure directions for the next generation of on-chain user experience.

ETHGas’s Pre-confirmation mechanism is an infrastructure design intended to improve Ethereum realtime transaction efficiency by allowing transactions to receive early execution confirmation before they are formally written into a block. Compared with the traditional Ethereum model, which relies only on final on-chain confirmation, Pre-confirmation can reduce transaction waiting time and improve the realtime nature of on-chain interactions. ETHGas combines Pre-confirmation with blockspace markets, Builder coordination, and realtime execution mechanisms to explore a new transaction execution structure under the direction of “Realtime Ethereum.”

ETHGas (GWEI) is an infrastructure protocol built around Ethereum Realtime Blockspace. It aims to improve on-chain transaction efficiency and lower the barrier to entry for users through Pre-confirmation, Gas abstraction, and blockspace market mechanisms. As transaction demand on the Ethereum network continues to grow, ETHGas seeks to optimize Ethereum’s execution efficiency and interaction experience through realtime block resource scheduling and future blockspace trading. Concepts such as Realtime Ethereum, Open Gas, and Blockspace Market are also becoming new directions in the development of on-chain infrastructure.

ETHGas and the traditional Ethereum Gas Market both manage blockchain transaction resources, but differ significantly in blockspace allocation, gas pricing, and confirmation logic. Learn how ETHGas compares with Ethereum’s traditional gas market model.

The TAC token is the native asset of the TAC network. It is mainly used for EVM gas payments, validator staking, governance participation, ecosystem incentives, and economic settlement in cross-chain execution.

TAC converts TON user requests into cross-chain messages that can be executed in an EVM environment through the TON Adapter, while the Sequencer network handles verification, ordering, and execution coordination.

TAC (TAC) is an EVM execution network built for the Telegram and TON ecosystems. Its core purpose is to allow TON users to access Ethereum applications directly through a cross-chain messaging mechanism.

Algorand (ALGO) is a high performance Layer1 blockchain built on the Pure Proof of Stake (PPoS) mechanism. It is mainly used to support payments, smart contracts, digital asset issuance, and financial grade on chain applications. As the blockchain industry gradually moves into DeFi, RWA, and enterprise financial infrastructure, Algorand is widely used in on chain scenarios that require high throughput, low latency, and instant finality. Its core feature is the use of a randomized consensus mechanism and fork free structure to seek a balance among security, scalability, and decentralization.

As the Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem expands rapidly, liquidity fragmentation and the complexity of cross-chain operations have become new challenges. The Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ) is a technical framework designed to address these specific issues. In this article, you'll learn how EEZ works, its core technologies, and how it drives the vision of One Ethereum.

Sonic is a high performance Layer 1 blockchain protocol designed to deliver extremely high transaction throughput and instant finality. As decentralized applications increasingly demand real time interaction, Sonic achieves processing capacity of more than 10,000 TPS and confirmation speeds of around 0.8 seconds through its core Sonic technology stack, which includes the Carmen database and an optimized EVM execution layer. As a major technological leap for the Fantom ecosystem, it is fully compatible with the Ethereum development environment and addresses the scalability and storage efficiency bottlenecks that have long limited traditional blockchains through a rebuilt underlying architecture.

Fluent is a Layer 2 network developed on Ethereum, utilizing a Blended Execution architecture to allow applications from various virtual machines to run seamlessly on a single on-chain network.

Somnia Network (SOMI) is an ultra-high-performance, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain. Its core breakthrough is the ability to achieve more than 1,000,000 TPS, or transactions per second, with sub-second finality. Through its self-developed IceDB database engine and parallel execution mechanism, Somnia addresses performance bottlenecks that have limited large-scale Web3 adoption. As an “Agentic L1,” it focuses on delivering on-chain reactivity for AI agents, real-time social applications, and fully on-chain metaverse environments, allowing high-frequency, low-latency consumer applications to run entirely on-chain at scale.

The technical core behind Somnia’s million-scale TPS lies in its low-level reconstruction of the EVM stack, mainly through the IceDB storage engine and its parallel execution engine. IceDB is a custom database built specifically for blockchain systems. By optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree, or SMT, structure and reducing disk I/O friction, it directly addresses the read and write bottlenecks that traditional databases, such as LevelDB, face when handling massive state data. Combined with Somnia’s multithreaded parallel execution engine, transactions that do not interfere with one another can be distributed across multiple CPU cores and processed simultaneously.